Solid Geometry and Volumes from Cross Sections
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New video · Dec 04, 2025
Solid Geometry and Volumes from Cross Sections
Volume problems built from geometric cross sections, including intersecting shapes and careful integral bounds.
Overview
Volume problems built from geometric cross sections, including intersecting shapes and careful integral bounds.
Focus Areas
- Cross sections
- Volumes
- Geometry
- Bounds
Lecture Video
Generated transcript
This transcript was generated locally with Qwen-ASR and has not been manually corrected.
Open generated transcript
Question language ChineseQuestion. concerning concerning homework and integral, how we write the integral for finding the solid the volume of a solid. No, I don't have any questions. And I need you. No. Okay. Well, today we're gonna actually continue to look at it and the disk and shell method, looking at more rotational solids. Those are not given the cross section, build a particular.I did something now, but these are rotational solids now, and I'm gonna put you in driver seat. Do you want to immediately go for a relatively nuanced example where you actually need to look at it very hard? And definitely, this is verging on the most difficult kind that you could possibly encounter on AP. Or you want me to go for several more, um, vanilla flavor, like a dessical, just the the safe kind of reserved.Sorry, conserve the conservative kind of problem solving standard on the AP book. Meaning you want easy or you want hard. Quick one. We could try the hard one. Beautiful, be a good sport. So what I'm giving you is this: you have a two cylindrical, ah chimney cylinders here. Basically.These are just two cylinders. Let me draw you a 3D picture. Here's one. They are congruent to each other, meaning they are equal radius. And imagine them as infinite long, so you're you're not going to run out of the cylinder now. And you would really lay them out so that the centers are coinciding with each other. So what you're getting is actually this. This is actually the second cylinder. Could you visualize how they intersect and?And inside, I am telling you that the axes of one cylinder would coincide with the axes of the other cylinder at the origin of our coordinate system. So if I call that, this is going to be my x and y z axes now, and the z axis and z axis. Sorry, the y and z axes are correspondingly the symmetrical axes of the two cylinder, and they are equal radius and they intersect forming ninety degrees.I want you to find out what is the volume inside both chimneys, inside both cylinders. Meaning we're looking for the intersection of these two solids. Well, first of all, you have to visualize what that shape is. And I don't want to graph you this anymore because it's sort of a misleading. Okay, by the time they're intersecting, I'm leaving you to graph what's really happening in the middle. There.Otherwise, what you're seeing is really just that. But could you visualize how they intersect? What kind of we have to describe that solid into either a cross section or maybe a rotational solid in some direction so that you can write your integral with the only condition given to you as the variables r. That's all we need.Play with it in your head. If you could find some graphing instrument, feel free to do so. For example, Desmos. I don't know whether Desmos do 3D graphs, or or for MATHA, but you need to put in the equation to describe it. Also verbally keep in post that of what you're doing, just what graphing software you're trying, etc. I wanna try this mouse. Okay, does it permit three D graph? I think so. Oh, brilliant! Do you want to show your screen? I'm interested to see. That'll come to that board. Okay.Hey ID, I'm so sorry. Somehow on my web board, you're uh you're in the waiting room that was covered. I couldn't see the icon, so I didn't even know that you came in. How long have you been waiting? Oh, I haven't been waiting for too long. I've only been waiting for like uh like an. But still, it's pretty bad. I'll tell you what we're doing, and we want to look at a more nimble application.Of writing the integral to find the volume of a rotational solid. Now, the question I'm giving you are: you have to envision this, you have to imagine. I need go ahead, share your screen. So, I need we're looking at two intersecting chimneys, two cylinders here, and they're intersecting with each other. They do share the same center of our axis. So fundamentally, you got actually this cylindrical chimney, and there's a horizontal one, and they're.X is here are coinciding with the with the origin of the universe, and these two chimneys actually have the same radius. We want to find what is the overlap of the two volumes in the center. Basically, I want to find what is that bulk volume inside both cylinders. And Ivy is giving us a three D graph now. But the question is, how do you write the equation to describe a cylinder? You have learned this. You know how to do that. Back in.Our clinic section days.All of you are more than welcome to talk.Ah, is it x squared plus y squared equals to r squared? Indeed, if you do the x squared plus y squared equal to the r squared, pretending there's no constraint on z, then on the xy plane, first of all, you get a circle. In fact, according to this graph, why don't we just pretend my r is two because that's a natural marking here. So then, what we're getting is this circle.But since I don't put any constraint on the z, I just simply mean my z can be anything. I immediately give you this this whole cylinder. Eddie, that's very well done. Because this cylinder is the extension of the circle permitting arbitrary y coordinate, right? Then Elaine, can you put in another? Ah, if the other one runs in the x direction. Okay, and then what would be the equation that we put in for the other cylinder? Ah, the other cylinder would be, um, z squared plus x squared equals to r squared. Yeah, then you like it if there's no strain on the y. Right, that's fine. So this is actually the running in the z direction, z cylinder.And that's the y cylinder, which is x squared plus the z squared, equal to r squared. Alright, Ivy, put them in and see what the graphs look like. Oh, you made. Oh, hmm. Yes, that's better. Very good.Hmm, that really helps. Alright, now, very good. Yeah, and now let's actually see how do we find the volume inside both. Could you directly, just rigorously, carefully, and accurately visualize that region.```中文嗯。And share with me your mental processes.嗯,它 looks kind of like an X. 嗯, yeah, 但, it's a bulky X. You have to visualize it in three D. Maybe turning it around is helpful. Looking at from an up front here, it's not very.Very help. Yeah, now you can see this side is a bulge, right? It's not flat. Yeah, so how do we describe that region, which overlaps between the two? Is there any way you could choose not the solid color but basically translucent color so that you can see through what's inside where they intersect. Uh, I don't really know how to do that. Alright, I don't know either. Well, then you have to visualize. Well, I mean, the length and the width, um, of the region, like they would both be R, right? No, no, uh, uh, two R, right? Ah, yes. Well.That's ambiguous. When you say the region, it's a three D region. I think what you meant is if you want to do an integration, a by doing your crop section horizontally, and your x and y boundaries are two r, they're both from negative r to positive r. If that's what you meant, is it what you meant? Ah, yeah, because earlier when we had a rotational solid, right? You guys cut it into slices. So I suppose you're cutting. You're referring to this one slice now.By the way, which way do we want to cut in such a scenario, and what is the shape of each cross section if you do cut?嗯。我,是,still kind of having trouble.Visualizing it.What do you call that color? Copper. I'll just call that copper color. Okay, so you have to get behind the both, by symmetry. Basically, it's behind the copper, copper, and behind as well as behind the blue. So please do visualize what kind of shape is it. Eventually, I'll tell you the convenient way to do the integral to cut it.Slice it into slices and do the integral out. It's not very convenient if you actually choose to integrate in the z direction, meaning cut it over the xy plane, cut cut through the horizontal plane. You have to you have to visualize and appreciate why that is a.Wait, I think he can make it like more transparent if he goes to like the settings, and maybe there's a setting. I think. Uh. Oh. Uh, never mind. I don't see the setting. You're calm. Sorry, good. That just that means you have to use your imagination.Can I try to turn it. Uh huh. Hmm, that's good. That's better. I would say.``````嗯。```Well, you have to learn to conduct a discussion and prompt me for some leads or answers. If you simply don't say anything, now we're not going anywhere. Try set up your courses more till you had to look at it in different ways. Ah, there is probably one easiest way where you could slice it off into D V S. Let's, go right.Well, first of all, is it difficult if I tell you to slice off parallel in the horizontal direction? What's the shape shape of each slice, please? There's one thing we do know: when the z equal to zero, that slice is just a circle, right? But as you move up, it gets more complicated because it needs to be remain inside the bowl. So as you move up, but how does that that shape change? It went from actually at. The equator. It's because of the piecewise defined shape, now changing fundamentally even in its topology that makes it integral difficult. Okay, on the horizontal level, it's just a circle. But as you move up, what if I move up to the a whenever this is equal to r, and what is the shape of that area inside the overlap of both regions?呃,是它像,呃,一个圆,但像,这个圆是像曲ving,到左和右,像,像这个表面。这个半径one是y, actually equal to r, which is reaching the highest most point now, and.I mean, if you cut it, you put a plane right there. And since that's how we're doing the integral to find the total volume, right? We need to slice it and stack them back up. Each slice give you a dv, and what is the shape of the last piece we're seeing? Is it a plate? It's a plane.What's the only bounded region? I said points. What is at set of points? How many points?嗯。Would it look more like a rebel? I'm talking about does it actually equal to R. That one single point when you slice it.You have to visualize what's in the interior of both chimneys. I have to say, at that point here, there's no area at all. There's a single point. Even if you take away the copper one, you just have this blue one. By the time you're cutting it at R, what do you cut? Well, basically, you're left with one line. And in fact, at this moment, there's only one single point, isn't there?Instead of saying one point, it's better to say there's one line now, but nevertheless, it's zero area. This one line is actually what's inside the intersection of both volumes, right? Yeah. So, oh, is that what you meant? You're saying about saddle points. Yeah, like I was talking about the top of the blue one. Oh, then you're absolutely right. I fail to understand you. Yeah.That's absolutely right. Oh good. Well, let's continue. What if I lower that plane a little bit? And then, what kind of region would you end up getting? There would be like a rectangle. No, it would be like a plane, but it's like inside the circle. I, I, I sort of understand what you mean, but you didn't say it. Well, what do you mean by a plane inside the circle? A circle isn't a plane. I think what you mean is a circle truncated by two lines. That's what you want to say, isn't it? Yeah. Meaning it's gonna.Actually, grow a little shorter, but it would actually grow a little fatter. These are part of the circle, but that's a very small circle. No, this is actually whatever that circle is. This circle hitting the boundary here, for that's the copper circle. But why do we have the plane here? That's only because the blue cuts through it. So, as you lower it, and in fact, the cross section would actually become like that.I'm trying to draw it in three D. But it's really part of the circle. And then after that, it gets thicker, right? Every single time it's part of the circle and eventually grows to the full. By becomes its real full circle. Now, as you lower it, makes sense. Yeah.Ivy, can you visualize? Hmm, kind of. I do one thing at a time, so every single time when you cut, we're gonna cut at a certain level. This is how you do it. Okay, makes it easier. When you're gonna do the intersection between the two cross sections, at the intersection with the copper, it's always a circle. It's always. This is where the copper. But then on top of that, you have to intersect with the.And every single time, hold on. When whenever you're intersecting with the blue now, what you're cutting the blue are actually two lines, fundamentally just cut like that. Do you see? Yeah. And that's why the overall intersection. What do we really just give you? This it gives you this region, but you can see well that that doesn't yield to a very easy calculation of the area, and you have to.Integrate those, which is quite a chore. So we do want to integrate in the z direction. We do not want to slice off the volume into a stack of a little DVs in that direction. So what other choices do we have? Eddie, I know you're very good at the three D thinking. I really want you guys to come up with a a choice instead of just waiting for me.```嗯。嗯,我们。我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我们,我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To cut, you know. This is vertical, meaning vertical could be actually this, or it could be that, meaning you have to identify a plane. Earlier, I said it cut horizontally because it identifies the xoy plane. But when you cut, do you mean to cut it using the xoz plane or yoz plane? They're not symmetrical.Wait, I thought the original radius of the the cylinder was supposed to be four. Ah, radius was two, but that was only because well this mark here happened to be. I think this size is not too big, not too small. But we want to solve it just using actually r. In general.I subtracted the two equations from each other, and I got y must equal either equal to z or y is equal to negative z. That's actually on the.呃,呃,the intersection. And by the way, Ivy, why don't you rotate it so that we're facing the x-axis? Eddie, what you have said, facing the x-axis. Because we made the axes go away, we're Eddie is subtracting the two equations to give us further rotation. Here, here, make it face us. Yeah, that's good. And Eddie, what you seeing? It's the x. It's a cross.That's between the y and the z, right? The equation for these two is exactly what you just said, which is y magnitude equal to the z magnitude. Isn't it, Eddie? Yeah. But does that actually give us any useful information concerning how we're gonna cut it and how do we visualize that volume?Elena, do you have any suggestions? How we're gonna do it. We could try cutting along the. Like so, you cut into the cross. What do you mean, cut into the cross?Just tell me exactly what is the. Yes, beautiful. Yeah, Elaine is suggesting we're gonna actually cut with a plane parallel with to the y o z axis, right? We're gonna actually use that y o z. In fact, Ivy, would you rotate so that the y o z are lying on the ground? They become horizontal, and the z is pointing up.What. Can you do that? Wait, like how do I rotate? Uh, I don't know. Well, in case you can't rotate it, then why don't we actually do this? And I will change one of the equations into. In fact, I want to single out the z now. So we change this equation into the. Into the no, change that equation into the z squared plus x squared. Ah, sorry, z squared plus y squared. So that now your z is a special direction, and then that's going to change the direction of the gymnast. Yeah, change that into z, right? Okay, can you rotate it then? And actually, Elaine, do you suggest we actually cut it along the x direction?Along the horizontal direction now, she's suggesting we might actually create this kind of a cut every single time, right? Ah, yeah. Okay, but then I don't know whether you guys still remember what would be the shape of the cut, and now can we write our integral? Meaning, what is actually a layer of the DV? We do know when you cut it, the thickness itself is a dz, right? But what is the shape?To begin with, if you cut it at exactly at the location of z equal to zero, what would be the shape? You can actually see on the graph. If you turn it around here, you can see more parts. I hope you remember what you saw earlier, when Elaine pointed out. So earlier we actually had this.And Eddie was pointing out, "In fact, they form a cross." And Elaine suggested, "We cut it like this." We cut it like that. And then, as you lift up above the plane, you're cutting like this. I hope you guys could visualize what is the shape of every every cross section, and how would you write your DV now. If you're cutting at.Z equals R would it just be like a point?中文```Let me translate this.Zero. That's where the D volume is degenerate into just a point. But well, whatever we try, the z equal to zero. I repeat my question now: Then what is the shape of the cross section? Would it be a square? Beautiful. That's exactly. Yeah, we got actually a square here, as this picture shows better. Why? Remember how we did it earlier. Okay, you're creating one slice at a time. If you just slice it, and how does that cut the copper part?It cuts the copper into two straight lines, right? And how does it cut the blue? It cuts the blue into two intersecting straight lines. And this scenario happens whenever you exert this horizontal surface. Now, on a certain level to cut both. Number one, they're entirely symmetrical. Number two, every single time the distance between the two straight lines are shrinking. Why? Because as you're approaching the top here, in fact, when you cut it here, you get only this distance between the two lines. Do you see?And when you cut it here, you only get in that distance between these two lines. Guys, are you with me? So what you're seeing would be actually a, sorry, a square now, with a shrinking distance, would be actually like this, and on that graph you're seeing the best. Elaine, I'm very proud of you. That means you have a crystal visualization. Are we all good?Yeah, go ahead and write down what is the DV, and then we can finish the integra. Please. Use care. Talk to each other in case you get blocked.我们使用一个四边形来尝试计算体积。We're trying to write the DV now, and then DV being a thin slice, the thickness the DZ, and we need to actually be multiplied onto the area of every single cross section, which we just identified as a square. So the integral here, as earlier examples have shown here, must be the area of the square, isn't it? Yeah. Because if you actually look it up, whenever I do this slice over here, what you get.It is actually this. I'm slightly caving yet because after all, as the distance or the height increases here, we're on the on the circle. So this is actually the little slice we're getting, isn't it? And eventually, this just be extend out into part of the circle. Do you follow?Can you explain it again. What I meant by that circle it expand into is part of that. So when I cut it here, I'm actually looking at the intersection. But it's part of it. Then since since the cut is very thin, so basically that's the thickness. But when you extend it out, it's actually narrowing. That's how I draw it. Do you follow? Yeah. Alright, now let's write it down.用中文用我命名,四边形的边,像一个变量。四边形的边。Two R. We need to find out what is the rate. What is the science of the square? So I'd be right. We're trying to find what is the side length, but we have to write it in terms of the z because the z is the chosen integrating variable, isn't it? And Elaine was saying the side length is a two R, but that's only true when the z equals zero. It's the biggest the square. But later you have to actually look at an arbitrary height of the z now when you cut it, right? If this height.Here is the z. Under what's the length of the square? Meaning you're cutting, you're cutting it here with at the height of the z now. Under what's the length of the square? Clear. Yeah. Alright.``````So we have to try to write the side in terms of z. Yes. So that you can write the integrant in terms of z.对。 嗯,嗯,still like,I still don't know how to start. Oh, can we visualize? In fact, I drew you a picture. Now, if I isolate that part.The picture. We're just here, okay. I just added. You got a cross section, and the radius is r. And we're cutting it at height of the z. Now, what you're interested in is to find what's the side length. That's the side length s, isn't it? Yeah. And that's Euclidean geometry. Maybe we can start by looking at the half of the side length. And don't forget this: this circle has a radius of r.For the blue one, I got y equals r square r squared minus x squared. Oh wait, the red one, not the blue one. Minus x squared. So we're integrating over this dummy variable, the x. Wait, sorry, um, y squared equals r squared minus z squared. I think I read it wrong. By the way, that's.So, necessarily, the y it's the side length, and Elaine, very well done. She is noticing now when you connect the center with any point on the circle on the circumference of the circle. Now, this is r. You get that Pythagorean triangle. So half of the side length is really just equal to square root of the r squared minus the z squared. But you have to double it to get the entire side length, and you have to square it. Notice here the two has nothing to do with.Radius happening to be two, it is religious saying you need to double. The right leg of the triangle to get to the sidelines of the square. And then you can, Ali, are you on same page? Yeah, and you could really pass out by sanity check now. When z equals two, well, in fact, we're integrating all the way from the negative R to positive R. But you could be smart and notice the symmetry and just.Half it, and I mean integrating from the zero to the r, and then double double the entire volume, because they're actually a semi half and the upper. But then suddenly check when you do plug in z equal to zero and z equal to r, does it confirm that area of the square that you found out earlier by taking the two special cases, one z equal to zero and one z equal to r.I plug them in and it does. Sure. Let me finish the intro rap, please.中文嗯。 ```Uh, is it a r square? And in fact, when you square it, you're getting actually that it's a. There's a ton of question the a down the outside. Now you're integrating this. The r square minus z square of dz, right? But Ivy, when you plug it in, are you find.They just are squared, are cubed. What to begin with, your final answer must be actually on the dimension of R cubed, right? It must be meter cubed. So don't we still need to sorry find the antiderivative of this guy? Oh, I did something wrong. Did you simply plug in the boundary, forgetting to find the antiderivative? Yeah, well, you remember.Doing integral, and you're not even in the right chapter. Can I finish? Can you guys finish at that tomorrow, please? Yeah, please. Alright, take care. Keep up your good work. I'll see you guys before long.Hey Toby, super good. I'm on your.